Magnetoresistive sensor

ABSTRACT

An apparatus disclosed herein includes a sensor stack including a first layer and an AFM stabilized bottom shield in proximity to the first layer, wherein the AFM stabilized bottom shield is magnetically coupled to the first layer.

BACKGROUND

In a magnetic data storage and retrieval system, a magnetic read/write head includes a reader portion having a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor for retrieving magnetically encoded information stored on a magnetic disc. Magnetic flux from the surface of the disc causes rotation of the magnetization vector of a sensing layer of the MR sensor, which in turn causes a change in electrical resistivity of the MR sensor. The change in resistivity of the MR sensor can be detected by passing a current through the MR sensor and measuring a voltage across the MR sensor. External circuitry then converts the voltage information into an appropriate format and manipulates that information to recover the information encoded on the disc.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following more particular written Detailed Description of various implementations and implementations as further illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.

An apparatus disclosed herein includes a sensor stack including a first layer and an antiferromagnetic (AFM) stabilized bottom shield in proximity to the first layer, wherein the AFM stabilized bottom shield is magnetically coupled to the first layer. These and various other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a data storage device having an example MR sensor.

FIG. 2 illustrates an ABS view of an implementation of an MR sensor.

FIG. 3 illustrates an ABS view of an alternative implementation of an MR sensor.

FIG. 4 illustrates an ABS view of yet another implementation of an MR sensor.

FIG. 5 illustrates an ABS view of an alternative implementation of an MR sensor.

FIG. 6 illustrates a magnetization map of various magnetic layers of the MR sensor disclosed herein.

FIG. 7 illustrates magnetic orientations of a reference layer and magnetic orientation of a free layer and their motion in response to external field for an implementation of an MR sensor.

FIG. 8 illustrates graphs of a relationship between PW50 performance of an example MR sensor and a parameter of the MR sensor.

FIG. 9 illustrates a graph of an alternative relationship between PW50 performance of an example MR sensor and a parameter of the MR sensor.

FIG. 10 illustrates example operations for fabrication of an MR sensor disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

There is an increasing demand for high data densities and sensitive sensors to read data from a magnetic media. Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors that have increased sensitivity consist of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin conductive, non-magnetic spacer layer such as copper. In Tunnel Magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors the electrons travel in the direction perpendicular to the layers across a thin insulating barrier. An AFM material is placed adjacent to the first magnetic layer (called pinned layer (PL)) to prevent it from rotation. AFM materials exhibiting this property are termed “pinning materials”. The second soft layer rotates freely in response to an external field and is called the “free layer (FL).”

To operate the MR sensor properly, the sensor should be stabilized against the formation of edge domains because domain wall motion results in electrical noise that makes data recovery difficult. A common way to achieve stabilization is with a permanent magnet abutted junction design. In this scheme, permanent magnets with high coercive field (i.e., hard magnets) are placed at each end of the sensor. The field from the permanent magnets stabilizes the sensor and prevents edge domain formation, as well as provides proper bias. The sensor further includes a reference layer (RL) and a PL, which together form a synthetic AFM (SAF) structure and an AFM layer. Stabilization by an AFM layer allows for consistent and predictable orientation of the SAF structure. Furthermore, this also provides stable structure to enable high amplitude linear response for a reader using the MR sensor.

However, using the AFM stabilized structure increases the shield-to-shield spacing (SSS) of the reader. PW50 of a magnetic sensor (its pulse width at half-height of the pulse) determines the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a recording system. Because PW50 improves with SSS reduction, achieving lower SSS leads to lower PW50 and, as a result, increased SNR. An example of the relationship between the PW50 and SSS, as suggested by both modeling and experiments can be given as follows:

ΔPW50≅0.3*ΔSSS

Thus, a reduction in the SSS leads to reduction in the value of the PW50 and therefore, an increase in the value of the SNR for the recording system. Thus, higher linear density of the reader can be achieved by reducing the SSS. Furthermore, smaller SSS also improves the cross-track resolution of the reader and such gain in cross-track resolution contributes to further improvement of the areal density that can be achieved by the reader.

An MR sensor disclosed herein reduces the SSS by removing the AFM layer from the sensor stack and using a bottom shield layer with an AFM layer and a bottom shield pinned layer. The pinned layer of the bottom shield and a pinned layer of the sensor stack are stabilized using the AFM layer in the bottom shield. In one implementation, the bottom shield is made of the SAF structure, with the top layer of the said structure in proximity to the sensor stack.

FIG. 1 illustrates a data storage device 100 having an example MR sensor, shown in more detail in an exploded view 102. Although other implementations are contemplated, in the illustrated implementation, the data storage device 100 includes a storage medium 104 (e.g., a magnetic data storage disc) on which data bits can be recorded using a magnetic write pole and from which data bits can be read using a magnetoresistive element. The storage medium 104 rotates about a spindle center or a disc axis of rotation 105 during rotation, and includes an inner diameter 106 and an outer diameter 108 between which are a number of concentric data tracks 110. It should be understood that the described technology may be used with a variety of storage formats, including continuous magnetic media, discrete track (DT) media, shingled media, etc.

Information may be written to and read from data bit locations in the data tracks 110 on the storage medium 104. A transducer head assembly 124 is mounted on an actuator assembly 120 at an end distal to an actuator axis of rotation 122. The transducer head assembly 124 flies in close proximity above the surface of the storage medium 104 during disc rotation. The actuator assembly 120 rotates during a seek operation about the actuator axis of rotation 122. The seek operation positions the transducer head assembly 124 over a target data track for read and write operations.

The exploded view 102 schematically illustrates an air-bearing surface (ABS) view of an MR sensor 130. The MR sensor 130 includes a bottom shield 132, a top shield 134, and a sensor stack 136 located between the bottom shield 132 and the top shield 134 along a down-track direction. In one implementation, the bottom shield 132 is an AFM stabilized bottom shield. Such an AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 provides shielding function and also provides stabilization of the sensor stack 136. The sensor stack 136 may include a first layer in proximity to the bottom shield, a metallic coupling layer (e.g., ruthenium), a reference layer, a barrier or spacer layer, a free layer and a capping layer (the detailed structure of the sensor stack 136 is not shown in FIG. 1). The first layer of the sensor stack 136 is also referred to as the first pinned layer herein. The magnetization of the first pinned layer is supported by the AFM stabilized bottom shield. The magnetization of the first pinned layer is partially pinned in that the magnetization of the first pinned layer may move somewhat in response to external magnetic fields. In other words, the magnetization of the first pinned layer is not rigidly pinned.

The first pinned layer of the sensor stack 136 is magnetically coupled to the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132. For example, the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 may include a pinned layer that is pinned using an AFM layer (not shown in FIG. 1). In one implementation, the orientation of magnetization of the first pinned layer of the sensor stack 136 includes a component orthogonal to the ABS of the MR sensor 130 because the pinning direction of the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 also includes a component orthogonal to an ABS of the MR sensor 130.

Furthermore, the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 may also include a second magnetic layer (not shown) antiferromagnetically coupled to the said bottom shield pinned layer forming a SAF structure in the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132. In such an implementation, the first pinned layer of the sensor stack 136 is magnetically coupled to this second magnetic layer of the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132. For example, in one implementation, the angle between the pinning direction of the pinned layer of the AFM stabilized bottom shield and the ABS of the MR sensor may be between 30 degrees and 150 degrees.

The top shield 134 may also comprise side shields (not shown) located on two sides of the sensor stack 136 in a cross-track direction. In an alternative implementation, permanent magnets (not shown) are provided on the two sides of the sensor stack 136 in the cross-track direction.

In one implementation, the formation of the sensor stack 136 and the formation of the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 are carried out during different stages of a process forming a wafer including the sensor stack 136 and the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132, wherein, the sensor stack 136 is grown directly on top of the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132. Alternatively, the first pinned layer of the sensor stack 136 and the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 may be separated by non-magnetic layer, wherein the non-magnetic layer provides indirect magnetic coupling between the top magnetic layer of the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 and the first magnetic layer of the sensor stack 136.

The implementations of the MR sensor 130 with the AFM stabilized bottom shield reduces the SSS and provides better shielding. As a result, the resolution of the MR sensor 130 is improved while the stability of the MR sensor 130 is maintained. Including the AFM layer into the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 allows for removing the AFM layer from the sensor stack 136. As the AFM layer in the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 is not part of the sensor stack 136, the SSS for the sensor stack 136 is reduced, resulting in improved PW50. Furthermore, including the SAF structure in the AFM stabilized bottom shield 132 also allows increasing the stability of the MR sensor 130.

FIG. 2 illustrates an ABS view of an implementation of an MR sensor 200. The MR sensor 200 includes a bottom shield 202 and a top shield 204 on two opposite sides (along down-track direction) of a sensor stack 206. The bottom shield 202 includes a pinned layer 212 in proximity to the sensor stack 206, an AFM layer 214, and a seed layer 216. A bulk magnetic shield (not shown) may also be provided underneath the seed layer 216. In one implementation, the pinned layer 212 is stabilized using the AFM layer 214. The pinned layer 212 may be pinned by the presence of the AFM layer 214 with a magnetic orientation set during post deposition anneal process. In one implementation, the pinning direction of the pinned layer 212 is orthogonal (in the z direction) to the ABS of the MR sensor 200. However, at the ABS plane, the direction of magnetization of the pinned layer 212 includes a component that is parallel to the ABS of the sensor 200. This is illustrated in FIG. 2 using a vector 240 that includes an orthogonal component (in the z direction) and a parallel component (in the x direction). Similar vector notations are also used to denote the magnetization directions in the reference layer 234 and the pinned layer 236 of the sensor stack 206 at the ABS plane. In one implementation, the top shield 204 may comprise a top shield layer 222 and side shield layers 224 and 226. The side shields 224 and 226 are located on the two sides of the sensor stack 206 in the cross-track direction and they may be used to bias the magnetic orientation of a free layer of the sensor stack 206.

An implementation of the sensor stack 206 includes a pinned layer 236, a reference layer 234, and a cap and free layer structure 232. The pinned layer 236 and the reference layer 234 are separated from each other by a metallic layer 238, made of, e.g., ruthenium (Ru). In the illustrated implementation of the MR sensor 200, the magnetic orientation of the pinned layer 236 is pinned, to a certain extent, by the AFM layer 214 of the bottom shield 202. Because the magnetization orientation of the pinned layer 212 includes a component orthogonal to the ABS of the MR sensor 200, the magnetization orientation of the pinned layer 236 also includes a component orthogonal to the ABS of the MR sensor 200. In effect the AFM layer 214 is used to stabilize each of the pinned layer 212 of the bottom shield and the pinned layer 236 of the sensor stack. Thus, in effect, the pinned layer 236 of the sensor stack 206 is magnetically coupled to the bottom shield 202.

Such stabilizing of the pinned layer 236 of the sensor stack 206 by the AFM layer 214 of the bottom shield 202 removes the need for an AFM layer in the sensor stack, thus reducing the down-track width of the sensor stack. As a result, the effective shield-to-shield spacing between the top shield layer 222 and the bottom shield 202 is reduced, effectively providing improved PW50 performance for the MR sensor 200. However, decreasing the SSS of can reduce stability of the MR sensor 200. For instance, an MR sensor with lower SSS is more likely to be affected by writer-induced stray field or exterior stray field, decreasing SNR of signal read from a magnetic media. To address such concerns of decreased stability an implementation of an MR sensor disclosed herein provides for an SAF structure in the bottom shield.

FIG. 3 illustrates an ABS view of such an implementation of an MR sensor 300. Specifically, the MR sensor 300 includes a bottom shield 302 and a top shield 304 on two opposite sides (along down-track direction) of a sensor stack 306. The bottom shield 302 includes an SAF structure including a top layer (RL) 312 in proximity to the sensor stack 306, a thin non-magnetic layer 314, a pinned layer 316, an AFM layer 318, and a seed layer 320. In one implementation, the pinned layer 316 is stabilized using the AFM layer 318. The orientation of pinning of the layer 316 has a component orthogonal (in the z direction) to the ABS of the MR sensor 300. However, in any case, at the ABS plane, the direction of magnetization of the pinned layer 316 has a component that is parallel to the ABS of the sensor 316. This is illustrated in FIG. 3 using a vector 340 that includes an orthogonal component (in the z direction) and a parallel component (in the negative x direction). Similar vector notations are also used to denote the “magnetization orientations in the reference layer 312, the pinned layer 336 of the sensor stack 306, and the reference layer 334 of the sensor stack 306.

The pinned layer 316 and the reference layer 312 are antiferromagnetically coupled through a non-magnetic layer 314 (such as ruthenium) via RKKY exchange interaction. Such an SAF structure reduces the effect of demagnetizing fields, thus improving the stability provided by the bottom shield 302. The widths of the pinned layer 316 and the reference layer 312 are selected such that the benefits of providing the shielding function of the bottom shield 302 are preserved.

The top shield 304 may comprise a top shield layer 322 and side shield layers 324 and 326. The side shields 324 and 326 are located on the two sides of the sensor stack 306 in cross-track direction and they may be used to bias the magnetic orientation of a free layer of the sensor stack 306.

An implementation of the sensor stack 306 includes a pinned layer 336, a reference layer 334, a cap and free layer 332, and a barrier layer 340. The pinned layer 336 and the reference layer 334 are separated from each other by a metallic layer 338, made of, e.g., ruthenium (Ru). In the illustrated implementation of the MR sensor 300, the pinned layer 336 is pinned by the AFM layer 318 of the bottom shield 302. For example, the pinning orientation of the pinned layer 336 includes a component orthogonal to the ABS of the MR sensor 300. Thus, the pinning of each of the pinned layer 316 and the pinned layer 336 includes a component that is orthogonal to the ABS of the MR sensor 300. In effect the AFM layer 318 is used to stabilize each of the pinned layer 336 of the sensor stack 306 and the pinned layer 316 of the bottom shield 302. Thus, in effect, the pinned layer 336 of the sensor stack 306 is magnetically coupled to the bottom shield 302.

As the AFM layer 318, the SAF reference layer 312, and the SAF pinned layer 316 do not contribute to the SSS, the AFM Layer 318 in the bottom shield 302 may be made thicker than an AFM layer in a prior art sensor stack having an AFM layer therein. As the bottom shield 302 is fabricated before the sensor stack 306, the bottom shield 302 can be annealed at higher temperature to improve AFM dispersion and stability. Also, the detrimental effect of an AFM grain flipping in the bottom shield 302 is strongly diminished compared to the effect of an AFM grain flipping in the sensor stack 306 as magnetic layers of bottom shield 302 are substantially thicker than SAF layers in the sensor stack 306. As a result, any disturbance of ferromagnetic layer magnetization originating at the interface with the AFM layer 318 gets effectively suppressed throughout the thickness of bottom shield 302, specifically through the thickness of the SAF layers 312 and 316, and does not propagate to distort a sensor read-back signal. Furthermore, providing a bottom shield that includes an SAF structure increases the stability of the MR sensor 300 in the presence of stray fields compared to MR sensors having bottom shield without an SAF structure. Furthermore, the introduction of the AFM layer in the bottom shield and removal of an AFM layer from the sensor stack also improves the smoothness of the sensor stack. As a result, lower resistance MR sensors capable of higher level data transfer are possible.

FIG. 3 illustrates that the magnetization of the RL 312 of the SAF structure in the bottom shield is opposite the magnetization of the PL 316 of the SAF structure in the bottom shield. On the other hand, the magnetization of the PL 336 of the sensor stack is parallel to the magnetization of the RL 312. The magnetization of the RL 334 of the sensor stack is opposite the magnetization of the PL 336 of the sensor stack. The FL 332 of the sensor stack is biased by the side shields 324 and 326 to have magnetization parallel to the ABS. Note that the direction of magnetization of various layers as illustrated in FIG. 3 are in the vicinity of the ABS of the sensor. Specifically, in the vicinity of the ABS, the magnetizations of the various layers have a component that is parallel to the ABS (see FIG. 6 below).

In one implementation of the MR sensor 300, the thickness of the SAF reference layer 312 and the SAF pinned layer 316 is selected such that the desired stability of the MR sensor is achieved while also maintaining the improvement in the PW50. Specifically, the thicknesses of the SAF reference layer 312 and the SAF pinned layer 316 depend on the magnetic moment of the material used in the SAF reference layer 312 and the SAF pinned layer 316. For example, for a permalloy type of material, the thicknesses of the SAF reference layer 312 and the SAF pinned layer 316 may be approximately greater than 10 nm. In an implementation, each of the magnetic layers in the bottom shield 302 may have a thickness in the range of between 5 nm-40 nm.

FIG. 4 illustrates an ABS view of an alternative implementation of an MR sensor 400. Each of the various components of the bottom shield 402 and the sensor stack 406 are substantially similar to the related elements of the bottom shield 302 and the sensor stack 306 of the MR sensor 300. The MR sensor 400 is different from the MR sensor 300 disclosed in FIG. 3 in that while the MR sensor 300 employs side shields 324 and 326 to bias a free layer of the sensor stack 306, the MR sensor 400 employs permanent magnets 424 and 426 to bias a free layer of the sensor stack 406.

FIG. 5 illustrates an ABS view of an alternative implementation of an MR sensor 500. Each of the various components of the top shield 504 and the sensor stack 506 are substantially similar to the related elements of the top shield 304 and the sensor stack 306 of the MR sensor 300. The MR sensor 500 is different from the MR sensor 300 disclosed in FIG. 3 in that while the bottom shield 302 of the MR sensor 300 is in direct magnetic contact with the sensor stack 306, the bottom shield 502 of the MR sensor 500 is separated from the sensor stack 506 by a non-magnetic layer 510. As a result, the pinned layer 536 of the sensor stack 506 is not stabilized by coupling the AFM stabilized bottom shield 502 directly. On the other hand, the pinned layer 536 of the sensor stack 506 is stabilized by strong non-direct orthogonal coupling between the AFM stabilized bottom shield 502 and the pinned layer 536 of the sensor stack 506 provided by the non-magnetic layer 510. In the sensor 500, the magnetic orientation of the SAF reference layer 512 may be directed along the ABS of the sensor 500 rather than having a component orthogonal to the ABS of the sensor 500. Such biasing scheme prevents MR sensor polarity flips.

FIG. 6 illustrates a magnetization map 600 of various magnetic layers of the MR sensor disclosed herein, including a PL (pinned by an AFM layer) of an SAF structure of the bottom shield, an RL (which is antiferromagnetically coupled to the PL of the bottom shield) of the SAF structure of the bottom shield, PL of a sensor stack (which is in direct contact with the RL of the SAF structure of the bottom shield), and an RL of a sensor stack (which is antiferromagnetically coupled to the PL of the sensor stack), and a FL of the sensor stack which, in a quiescent state is oriented parallel to the ABS of the sensor stack. Specifically, the magnetization map 600 discloses magnetic orientations in an SAF references layer 602 and an SAF pinned layer 604. In this example, the pinning direction 610 of the SAF pinned layer 604 has a component parallel to the plane of ABS. Furthermore, in an area close to the ABS shape anisotropy causes the magnetization 610 to further round up in the direction parallel to ABS. The magnetizations 610 and 612 are essentially antiparallel to each other because of the antiferromagnetic RKKY coupling between the SAF pinned layer 604 and the SAF reference layer 602.

The example implementation of FIG. 6 illustrates magnetization components for a sensor in which the free layer 624 has a shorter stripe than other magnetic layers, however, in alternative implementations, the relation of the size of the free layer and the other layers may be different. FIG. 6 also illustrates the magnetization components in the sensor pinned layer 620 of the sensor stack, the sensor reference layer 622 of the sensor stack, and the free layer 624 of the sensor stack. At the ABS plane, the angle the magnetization direction makes with the ABS is lower than the angle in the region away from the ABS. The direction of magnetization in the sensor pinned layer 620 and the direction of magnetization in the sensor reference layer 622 are in effect substantially antiparallel to each other. The magnetization direction of the free layer 624, which may be set by side shield or permanent magnets, is parallel to the ABS.

In FIG. 6, magnetization of the SAF pinned layer 604 curls to the left at the ABS, however in an alternative implementation (not shown here), the magnetizations at ABS can curl to the right. If pinning direction of the SAF pinned layer 604 is orthogonal to the ABS, the magnetizations can be oriented either way and can even flip between the two states. This flipping of SAF pinned layer magnetization in the ABS region would degrade sensor performance. For better amplitude and resolution, the magnetization of the RL should make obtuse angle, not acute angle with magnetization of the FL. Therefore, in one implementation, the angle between magnetization of the RL of the sensor stack and magnetization of FL is made obtuse by annealing at an angle away from 90 degrees (as shown in FIG. 6) or by carrying out subsequent anneals to obtain the desired canting orientation.

FIG. 7 illustrates preferred magnetic orientation of a RL of a sensor stack with respect to magnetic orientation of a free layer (FL) of the sensor stack for an implementation of an MR sensor. Specifically, FIG. 7 illustrates that the angle between the magnetic orientation 702 of the RL of the sensor stack and the magnetic orientation 704 of the FL should be obtuse. The magnetic orientation 704 of the FL is determined by the side shields or permanent magnets (PMs) and is parallel to the ABS of a sensor. On the other hand, the magnetic orientation 702 of the RL of the sensor stack may be achieved by carrying out bottom shield anneal at a certain angle from the direction 706 orthogonal to the ABS of the sensor. The bottom shield anneal determines that pinning field of the layer in the SAF structure in contact with AFM, which in turn affects the magnetizations of the RL of the bottom shield, the magnetization of the PL of the sensor stack, and therefore, the magnetization of the RL of the sensor stack. Specifically, the bottom shield anneal is carried out such that the angle 710 between the magnetic orientation 702 of the RL of the sensor stack and the FL is obtuse.

The magnetic orientation 702 of the RL of the sensor stack and the magnetic orientation 704 of the FL tend to rotate in opposite directions in the presence of a magnetic medium provided the angle 710 is obtuse in the quiescent state. This maximizes the MR sensor amplitude and therefore maximizes signal received from the magnetic medium.

FIG. 8 illustrates a graph 800 of a relationship between PW50 performance of an example MR sensor and thicknesses of magnetic layers of an SAF structure in the bottom shield. Graph 800 is based on modeling for SAF structure layers made of permalloy materials. The graph 800 illustrates dependence of reader resolution on thicknesses of the pinned layer and reference layer in the AFM stabilized bottom shield at different orientation of pinning field in the AFM stabilized bottom shield (e.g., 90 degrees SAF pinning angle meaning pinning field orientation being orthogonal to ABS). The graph 800 illustrates the parameters of the reader that may be tuned to optimize resolution of the reader.

Specifically, each of the lines 804, 806, and 808 represents the PW50 for various SAF pinning angles for given thickness of SAF reference layer and SAF pinned layer, with the thickness of these layers being constant. Line 802 represents the baseline case where the AFM layer in incorporated in a sensor stack and not in the bottom shield. For the differences 810, 820, etc., represent decrease in PW50 achieved as a result of providing an SAF structure (including an SAF reference layer and an SAF pinned layer) of given thickness in the bottom shield. Graph 800 illustrates the various relationships between reader resolution and thickness of the PL and RL in the bottom shield where the thickness of the PL and RL are substantially same. As illustrated in FIG. 8, as the thickness of the bottom shield increases, the PW50 gain increases. Furthermore, for each of the lines 804, 806, and 808, the PW50 is lower for any given pinning angle compared to the baseline case, thus showing substantially better resolution in each of the cases. As result, the thickness of the layers in the bottom shield provides an additional parameter to control the PW50 and the resolution of the MR sensor.

FIG. 9 illustrates a graph 900 of an alternative relationship between PW50 performance of an example MR sensor and a parameter of the MR sensor. Specifically, the graph 900 illustrates PW50 as a function of the strength of exchange coupling between the two layers forming the SAF in the bottom shield. Specifically, weaker exchange coupling results in lower PW50. However, as the exchange coupling becomes weaker, the stability provided by the top SAF layer also decreases. Thus, the strength of exchange coupling can be used to control the tradeoff between PW50 and stability. In other words, the graph 900 illustrates a parameter of the reader, the strength of the exchange coupling between the layers in the SAF structure in the bottom shield, which may be tuned to optimize the resolution of the reader.

FIG. 10 illustrates example operations 1000 for fabrication of an MR sensor disclosed herein. Specifically, the operations disclosed in FIG. 10 may be used for fabrication of an MR sensor with AFM stabilized bottom shield including an SAF structure with a top layer proximate a sensor stack. An operation 1002 forms a seed layer, such as a layer of tantalum, and an operation 1004 forms an AFM layer, such as a layer of IrMn, on the seed layer. Subsequently, at an operation 1006, a ferromagnetic pinned layer is formed on the AFM layer or an SAF structure of the bottom shield is formed on the AFM layer. The thickness of the SAF layer can be selected so as to ensure that the gains in the PW50 obtained by including the AFM layer in the bottom shield are balanced against losses in the stability of the MR sensor. Specifically, increasing the thickness of the SAF layers decreases the stability of the MR sensor. Furthermore, in some implementations of the MR sensor disclosed herein, the thickness of the thin non-magnetic layer that separates the top SAF layer from the pinned layer is also determined so as to control the exchange between the top SAF layer and the PL of the sensor stack.

Subsequently, an operation 1008 anneals the bottom shield to set the magnetic orientation of the ferromagnetic layer (pinned layer of the SAF structure) in the bottom shield. In one implementation, the operation 1008 anneals the bottom shield such that the pinning field direction of the ferromagnetic layer in the bottom shield includes a component that is orthogonal to the ABS of the MR sensor. Alternatively, the operation 1008 anneals the bottom shield to account for any subsequent annealing operation that may affect the magnetic orientation of the AFM layer in the bottom shield. The operations 1012 and 1014 form the sensor stack on the bottom shield. Specifically, operation 1012 forms the sensor stack pinned layer, non-magnetic layer, and a sensor stack reference layer and the operation 1014 forms a barrier layer, the free layer and the cap layer. Subsequently, the operation 1016 forms the top shield layer.

The above specification, examples, and data provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended. Furthermore, structural features of the different embodiments may be combined in yet another embodiment without departing from the recited claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a sensor stack including a first layer; and an AFM stabilized bottom shield in proximity to the first layer, wherein the AFM stabilized bottom shield is magnetically coupled to the first layer.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the AFM stabilized bottom shield further comprising: a top layer of an SAF structure in proximity to the first layer of the sensor stack; and a pinned layer of the SAF structure.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the top layer of the SAF structure is separated form the pinned layer of the SAF structure using a thin non-magnetic layer.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pinning direction of the pinned layer of the SAF structure includes a component orthogonal to an air-bearing surface (ABS) of the apparatus.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the pinning direction of the first layer of the sensor stack includes a component orthogonal to an air-bearing surface (ABS) of the apparatus.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a non-magnetic layer between the first layer and the AFM stabilized bottom shield.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor stack further comprises a free layer with a magnetic orientation that is parallel to an ABS of the apparatus.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the free layer is biased by at least one of permanent magnets and side shields.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein, in a quiescent state, a direction of magnetic orientation of the a reference layer of the sensor stack in proximity to the ABS of the apparatus forms an obtuse angle with respect to the magnetic orientation of the free layer.
 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the AFM stabilized bottom shield further comprising: a top layer of an SAF structure in proximity to the sensor stack, wherein a magnetic orientation in the top layer of the SAF structure includes a first component near the ABS that is parallel to the ABS, and a pinned layer of the SAF structure, wherein the magnetic orientation in the pinned layer of the SAF structure includes a second component that is parallel to the ABS, wherein the first component and the second component are substantially anti-parallel to each other.
 11. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein angle between a pinning direction of the pinned layer of the SAF structure and an air-bearing surface (ABS) of the apparatus is between 30 degrees and 150 degrees.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the magnetic orientation of the first layer is substantially antiparallel to a magnetic orientation of a reference layer of the sensor stack.
 13. A magnetoresistive sensor comprising: a sensor stack including a sensor pinned layer, a sensor reference layer, and a sensor free layer; and a bottom shield, wherein the bottom shield includes a bottom shield AFM layer and a bottom shield pinned layer, the bottom shield AFM layer stabilizing the bottom shield pinned layer.
 14. The magnetoresistive sensor of claim 13, wherein the bottom shield further comprises a top layer of an SAF structure in proximity to the sensor stack.
 15. The magnetoresistive sensor of claim 14, wherein the pinning direction of the bottom shield pinned layer includes a component orthogonal to an ABS of the magnetoresistive sensor.
 16. The magnetoresistive sensor of claim 15, wherein the direction of magnetization of the top layer of an SAF structure includes a component orthogonal to an ABS of the magnetoresistive sensor and antiparallel to the direction of magnetization of the bottom shield pinned layer.
 17. The magnetoresistive sensor of claim 15, further comprising a layer of nonmagnetic material between the sensor stack and the bottom shield.
 18. The magnetoresistive sensor of claim 15, wherein the free layer of the sensor stack is biased using at least one of side shields and permanent magnets and magnetic orientation of the free layer is substantially parallel to the ABS of the magnetoresistive sensor.
 19. An apparatus comprising: a bottom shield of a magnetoresistive sensor, wherein the bottom shield is stabilized using an AFM layer in the bottom shield and wherein the AFM layer generates a magnetic orientation in a bottom shield pinned layer, the magnetic orientation having a component orthogonal to an ABS of the magnetoresistive sensor.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19 further comprising a sensor stack, the sensor stack including a sensor pinned layer that is magnetically coupled with the bottom shield pinned layer.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein magnetic orientation of the sensor pinned layer has a component orthogonal to an ABS of the magnetoresistive sensor. 